Frying edible vegetable oil quality from street-food vendors in a Metropolitan area in the Central Highlands of Mexico

Vegetable oil deterioration during frying is a health problem because of oil degradation compounds and recycled oil practices are related to disturb oil quality. Frying food street-vendors are an important part of endemic market type Tianguis at the Metropolitan areas in the Central Highlands of Mexico. The main objective of this research was to evaluate frying edible vegetable oil quality from frying by street-food vendors in a Metropolitan area in the Central Highlands of Mexico. A behaviour questionary registered fresh and recycling oil addition, frying temperature and method in real operation conditions for three working days. Free fatty acid, colour, p-Anisidine, peroxide, and TOTOX indexes were observed in the vendors by triplicate. Free fatty acids and peroxide values in two vendors exceeded the NMX-F-223-SCFI-2011 values. Physicochemical variables revealed oil oxidation deterioration. Not so high temperatures were registered, and continually fresh oil addition was suggested as mitigating or masking edible oil of thermal oxidation and its degradation agents during the observed time. Thermal oxidation could be lower than in controlled conditions as in many reports due to vendor operations studied as a real approximation that suggested less oil degradation. Present results could be evidence for government intervention in the regulation needsCONACY

Biopesticide of Neem Obtained by Enzyme-Assisted Extraction: An Alternative to Improve the Pest Control

The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases without technical assistance instead of solving the pest problems has caused environmental damage, agriculture productivity, and human health. Pesticides can remain for several years in the soil, being able to contaminate rivers and lagoons, animals of shepherding and foods. Besides, in recent years, pests have shown an alarmingly resistance over several pesticides. This makes necessary the use of other natural sources of pesticides that could be degraded avoiding the resistance problem. One of the main sources analyzed is the neem (Azadirachta indica) due to its complex content of bioactive triterpenoids. However, cellulosic structures of cell wall conditioned the extraction of these components, acting as physical barrier and avoiding its complete extraction. This chapter included a review of the consequences of the use of chemical pesticides to control pests spread in plant and animals and its repercussions on the environment. Moreover, the advantages of the use of food-grade enzyme preparations as an alternative to elaborate an extract of neem without organic solvents are exposed. The results are promissory and could improve the acaricide and repellent effects of the neem extracts over pests, reducing the negative effect caused by chemical pesticides

Estimación del riesgo microbiológico asociado al consumo de ostión crudo contaminado con Vibrio cholerae y Vibrio parahaemolyticus

The aim of the study was to assess the potential riskof exposure to V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus associated to raw American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) consumption collected from the Mandinga Lagoon System (MLS), in restaurants, oyster bars, and street vendors. Risk was estimated as number of cases/100,000 servings with FDA model. The risk of oyster consumption from MLS contaminated with V.cholerae noO1/noO139 chxA+ and unrefrigerated 10-h was low (99 × 10-5 cases) in summer; V. parahaemolyticus tdh+ y tdh+/trh+ estimated risk was high in spring (2,200 × 10-5 y 4,000 × 10-5 cases, respectively) and the pandemic strain orf8+ risk was medium in winter (110 × 10-5 cases). Oyster cocktailconsumption unrefrigerated for 10 h and contaminated with V. cholerae noO1/noO139 chxA+, represented a low mean risk (0.87 × 10-5 and 0.44 × 10-5 cases) for oyster cocktails from restaurants and oyster bars, respectively, a high mean risk forstreet vendor cocktails stored at ambient temperature 24 h (2,500 × 10-5 cases), and a low mean risk for V. parahaemolyticus tdh+ in restaurants (0.21 × 10-5 cases) and oyster bar (1.1 × 10-5 cases) cocktails. Risk assessment results indicated that pathogenic percentage, type of establishment, and unrefrigerated storage time were variables that most increased the probability of illness, and spring the season with the highest risk for consumers.El objetivo del estudio fue predecir el riesgo potencial de exposición a V. cholerae y V. parahaemolyticus asociado al consumo de ostión americano (Crassostrea virginica) crudo colectado del Sistema Lagunar Mandinga (SLM), en restaurantes, coctelerías y puestos ambulantes. El riesgo se estimó como casos esperados/100,000 porciones con el modelo de la FDA. En ostiones del SLM el riesgo estimado por consumir ostiones contaminados con V. cholerae noO1/noO139 chxA+ sin refrigerar 10 h en verano fue bajo (99×10-5 casos); V. parahaemolyticus tdh+ y tdh+/trh+ representaron un riesgo estimado alto en primavera (2,200×10-5 y 4,000×10-5 casos, respectivamente) y la cepa pandémica orf8+ un riesgo medio (110×10-5 casos) en invierno. El consumo de ostión crudo sin refrigerar 10 h contaminado con V. cholerae noO1/noO139 chxA+ representó un riesgo promedio bajo (0.87×10-5 y 0.44×10-5 casos) para restaurantes y coctelerías, respectivamente, alto para cocteles expendidos en puestos ambulantes a temperatura ambiente 24 h (2,500×10-5 casos) y bajo a V. parahaemolyticus tdh+ en restaurantes (0.21×10-5 casos) y coctelerías (1.1×10-5 casos). El porcentaje patogénico, el sitio de venta y el tiempo sin refrigerar fueron las variables que incrementaron el riesgo de enfermar, siendo primavera la estación con el mayor riesgo para el consumidor

Improved Microbial Safety of Direct Ozone-Depurated Shellstock Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) by Superchilled Storage

The effect of superchilled storage at -1°C on the microbial safety of oyster depurated with 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L ozone was studied for 14 days. Fecal coliforms (4,100–16,000 MPN/100 g), Escherichia coli (1,500–3,650 MPN/100 g), Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 (13.0–102.0 MPN/g), and Salmonella spp. (2.270–3.035 × 103 CFU/g) were initially present in raw oysters. After 6 h depuration, fecal coliform counts decreased (P < 0.05) to 300, 20 and 20 MPN/100 g for 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L treatments, while a 0.3 log decrease in control oysters was observed. Initial E. coli counts decreased (P < 0.05) in oysters to 50, 20, and 20 MPN/100 g for 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/L treatments, respectively. A 1 log reduction in V. cholerae non-O1/non-139 levels were observed in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-treatments after 2 and 4 h depuration. Salmonella spp. was not detected in oyster samples after 6 h depuration in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-ozone treatments. Considering the bacterial loads after depuration, at the end of superchilled storage the 0.4 mg/L-ozonated oysters attained lower (P < 0.05) fecal coliform levels (280 MPN/100 g) and E. coli counts in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-ozonated oysters (20 and 95 MPN/100 g, respectively). A 2-log decrease in V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 levels on day 5 in 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L-ozonated oysters (< 0.3 MPN/g) was attained. V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 counts in control oysters decreased 1 log on day 9 of superchilled storage. Salmonella spp. was not detected in ozonated and superchilled stored oysters. Levels of fecal coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., and V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 in non-ozone depurated oyster samples were higher than in control, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L ozonated oyster samples during superchilled storage. The cumulative mortality rates after 14 days of storage for superchilled oysters (22.2%) was higher (P < 0.05) than 0.6 mg/L O3 (7.2%) and 0.4 mg/L O3 (5.8%) treatments, and control oysters (5.6%). pH values in control oysters decreased significantly (P < 0.05) throughout the storage period but not in oysters of both ozone treatments, indicating no detrimental effects on oyster survival. The results of this study suggest that superchilled storage enables ozonated shellstock oysters (0.4 mg/L-6 h) stored for 9 days to be safe human consumption

Effect of pasteurization on the concentration of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in bovine milk

El Diclorodifeniltricloroetano (DDT) y Hexaclorociclohexano (HCH) son disruptores endócrinos cuya presencia en la leche representa un riesgo para la salud. Existe evidencia de que la pasteurización disminuye o incrementa la concentración de plaguicidas organoclorados en productos lácteos. La presente investigación evaluó el efecto de la pasteurización a 63 °C 30 min-1 y 73 °C 15 seg-1 en las concentraciones de DDT, HCH y sus metabolitos en leche bovina, para estimar la exposición dietaria por consumo humano de leche pasteurizada. Se realizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con dos tratamientosen 100 muestras de leche recolectadas en Soledad de Doblado y Jamapa, Veracruz, México. Los plaguicidas se cuantificaron por cromatografíade gases con detector de microcaptura de electrones. Los datos se analizaron mediante Análisis de Varianza unifactorial (P<0.05) y las medias se compararon con Tukey (P< 0.05). La exposición dietaria a plaguicidas se evaluó por laIngesta Diaria Estimada (IDE) y Dosis Diaria Promedio (DDP) en tres grupos de población. La pasteurización a 73 ºC disminuyó 30.94, 44.51, 3.18, 81.23 y 42.82 % las concentraciones de p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT y DDT total, respectivamente, así como las concentraciones de β-HCH, γ-HCH y HCH total (85.68, 18.88 y 99.31 %, respectivamente). La IDE para niños, adultos y ancianos de DDT total fue menor por consumo de leche pasteurizada a 73 ºC y de γ-HCH a 63 ºC. La DDP de DDT total disminuyó con la pasteurización a 73 °C. La exposición dietaria de DDT y HCH fue mayor en niños.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) are endocrine disruptors whose presence in milk entails a health risk. There is evidence that pasteurization decreases or increases the concentration of organochlorine pesticides in dairy products. The present research evaluated the effect of pasteurization at 63 °C 30 min-1 and 73 °C 15 sec-1 on the concentrations of DDT, HCH and their metabolites in bovine milk, in order to estimate the dietary exposure from human consumption of pasteurized milk. A completely randomized experimental design with two treatments was performed on 100 milk samples collected in Soledad de Doblado and Jamapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Pesticides were quantified by gas chromatography with an electron microcapture detector. Data were analyzed by single-factor analysis of variance (P<0.05), and means were compared with Tukey’s test (P<0.05). The dietary exposure to pesticides was assessed based on the estimated daily intake (EDI) and average daily dose (ADD) in three population groups. Pasteurization at 73 ºC reduced the concentrations of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and total DDT by 30.94, 44.51, 3.18, 81.23, and 42.82 %, respectively, as well as the concentrations of β-HCH, γ-HCH and total HCH (by 85.68, 18.88, and 99.31 %, respectively). The EDI of total DDT by children, adults,  and elderly people was lowest for consumption of milk  pasteurized at 73 °C, and that of γ-HCH, for milk pasteurized at 63 °C. The DDP of total DDT decreased with pasteurization at 73 °C. The dietary exposure to DDT and HCH was higher in children

Crecimiento y sobrevivencia de Vibrio parahaemolyticus en ostión americano (Crassostrea virginica) almacenada en refrigeración

Objetivo. Cuantificar las densidades de Vibrio parahaemolyticus en ostión americano (Crassostrea virginica) almacenado en refrigeración. Material y métodos. Se almacenaron 320 ostiones a 7 °C durante nueve días y se determinaron las densidades totales y patogénicas mediante la técnica NMP-PCR. Resultados. Se observaron densidades de V. parahaemolyticus tlh+ en los días 0, 3 y 6 de almacenamiento con 1.134, 2.764 y 0.785 log10NMP/g, respectivamente, y en los días 0 y 3 la densidad patogénica trh+ con 0.477 y 0.519 log10NMP/g, respectivamente; las densidades patogénicas tdh+ (0.519 log10NMP/g), tdh+/trh+ (0.519 log10NMP/g) y tdh+/orf8+ (-0.444 log10NMP/g) se detectaron al tercer día de almacenamiento. Conclusión. Los resultados sugieren que el crecimiento de V. parahaemolyticus y la ocurrencia de genes patogénicos a 7 °C involucran cambios en la expresión génica como una respuesta al estrés por frío. Esto contribuye a la sobrevivencia y virulencia de V. parahaemolyticus, lo cual representa un riesgo a la salud pública

Spatial epidemiology of Leptospira sp. exposure in bovines from Veracruz, México

Bovine leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects cattle herds, causing economic losses due to reproductive problems which require expensive treatments. The main source of transmission for cattle is still uncertain, but rodents and bats can play an important role in the transmission cycle by being maintenance hosts for the pathogenic species of the bacterium and spreading it through urine. In this study, we characterize possible risk areas for bovine leptospirosis exposure in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, based on the geographical distribution of flying (bats) and terrestrial (rodents and opossums) wild hosts of Leptospira sp. reported in Mexico, in addition to climate, geography, soil characteristics, land use and human activities (environmental variables). We used a generalized linear regression model to understand the association between the frequency of anti-Leptospira sp. antibodies (a proxy of exposure) in cattle herds exposed to Leptospira, the favourability of wild hosts of Leptospira as well as the environmental variables. The parameterized model explained 12.3% of the variance. The frequency of anti-Leptospira sp. antibodies exposure in cattle herds was associated with elevation, geographic longitude, pH of the soil surface and environmental favourability for the presence of rodents, opossums and bats. The variation in exposure was mainly explained by a longitudinal gradient (6.4% of the variance) and the favourability-based indices for wild hosts (9.6% of the variance). Describing the possible risks for exposure to Leptospira in an important and neglected livestock geographical region, we provide valuable information for the selection of areas for diagnosis and prevention of this relevant disease.Peer reviewe

Soil Contamination and Alternatives for Sustainable Development

The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases without technical assistance instead of solving the pest problems has caused environmental damage, agriculture productivity, and human health. Pesticides can remain for several years in the soil, being able to contaminate rivers and lagoons, animals of shepherding and foods. Besides, in recent years, pests have shown an alarmingly resistance over several pesticides. This makes necessary the use of other natural sources of pesticides that could be degraded avoiding the resistance problem. One of the main sources analyzed is the neem (Azadirachta indica) due to its complex content of bioactive triterpenoids. However, cellulosic structures of cell wall conditioned the extraction of these components, acting as physical barrier and avoiding its complete extraction. This chapter included a review of the consequences of the use of chemical pesticides to control pests spread in plant and animals and its repercussions on the environment. Moreover, the advantages of the use of food-grade enzyme preparations as an alternative to elaborate an extract of neem without organic solvents are exposed. The results are promissory and could improve the acaricide and repellent effects of the neem extracts over pests, reducing the negative effect caused by chemical pesticides.UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZAN

Role of Long Chain Fatty Acids in Developmental Programming in Ruminants

Nutrition plays a critical role in developmental programs. These effects can be during gametogenesis, gestation, or early life. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential for normal physiological functioning and for the health of humans and all domestic species. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of n-3 PUFA in ruminant diets during gestation and its effects on pre-and postnatal offspring growth and health indices. In addition, different types of fatty acids have different metabolic functions, which affects the developmental program differently depending on when they are supplemented. This review provides a broad perspective of the effect of fatty acid supplementation on the developmental program in ruminants, highlighting the areas of a developmental program that are better known and the areas that more research may be needed